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    <title>
      Helmert, Mathematical and Physical Theories of Higher Geodesy,
      Vol. 1
    </title>
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    <h3>Helmert, Mathematical and Physical Theories of Higher Geodesy,
      Vol. 1</h3>
    <p>
      Friedrich Robert Helmert, 1843&ndash;1917,<br>
      <i>Die Mathematischen und Physikalischen Theorieen der
	H&ouml;heren Geod&auml;sie [Mathematical and Physical Theories
	of Higher Geodesy]</i>, Vol. 1, Preface and the Mathematical
	Theories (Teubner, Leipzig, 1880).<br>
      <ul>
	<li>
	  <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qt2CAAAAIAAJ">
	    German edition of Vol. 1 at Google Books</a>
	  (<a href="http://geographiclib.sf.net/geodesic-papers/helmert80.pdf">pdf</a>).
	<li>
	  <a href="http://geographiclib.sf.net/geodesic-papers/helmert80-en.pdf">
	    English translation of Vol. 1 by Aeronautical Chart and
	    Information Center (St. Louis, 1964)</a>.
      </ul>
    <p>
      Notes on the English translation:
      <ul>
	<li>
	  This is a scan by Charles Karney of the copy in the USGS
	  library in Reston, VA.
	<li>
	  The size of the PDF file in 70MiB.  Do not attempt to view this
	  within your browser; instead download the PDF file and use a
	  PDF reader (e.g., Acrobat Reader) to view it.
	<li>
	  The table of contents and the cross-references in the text use
	  the page numbers from the original book.  This pagination is
	  indicated in the translation by the numbers above and below
	  the horizontal lines in the text.
	<li>
	  The formulas have been cut and pasted (in the old-fashioned
	  way!) from the book.  In some cases these are barely legible;
	  go to the German text to disambiguate them (see Google Books
	  link above).
	<li>
	  This translation has 949 pages.  However, the scan is
	  perfectly legible when printed 2-up (2 pages per sheet).  This
	  should work OK with A4 and US letter sizes.
      </ul>
    <p>
      <a href="http://geographiclib.sf.net/geodesic-papers/helmert84-en.html">
	Helmert, Mathematical and Physical Theories of Higher Geodesy,
	Vol. 2</a>.
      <br>
      <a href="biblio.html">An online geodesic bibliography</a>
      <br>
      <a href="..">GeographicLib home</a>
    </p>
    <hr>
    <address>Charles Karney
      <a href="mailto:charles@karney.com">&lt;charles@karney.com&gt;</a>
      (2012-01-09)</address>
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